Tuesday, 18 June 2013

What is Computer networking?



  • In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data/resources.
  • Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.

The requirement of Networking / Advantages
o    A network isn't just a bunch of computers with wires running between them. Properly implemented, a network is a system that provides its users with unique capabilities, above and beyond what the individual machines and their software applications can provide.
o       Networks allow computers, and hence their users, to be connected together.
o  Most of the benefits of networking can be divided into two generic categories: connectivity and sharing.
o    They also allow for the easy sharing of information and resources, and cooperation between the devices in other ways.
o   Connectivity and Communication: Networks connect computers and the users of those computers. Individuals within a building or work group can be connected into local area networks (LANs); LANs in distant locations can be interconnected into larger wide area networks (WANs). Once connected, it is possible for network users to communicate with each other using technologies such as electronic mail, chatting, video conferencing etc.
o    This makes the transmission of business (or non-business) information easier, more efficient and less expensive than it would be without the network.
o       Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to allow the sharing of data. Before networking was common, an accounting employee who wanted to prepare a report for her manager would have to produce it on his PC, put it on a floppy disk, and then walk it over to the manager, who would transfer the data to her PC's hard disk. True networking allows thousands of employees to share data much more easily and quickly than this.
o       Intranets and intranets can be used to distribute corporate information between sites and to business partners.
o    Hardware Sharing: Networks facilitate the sharing of hardware devices. For example, instead of giving each of 10 employees in a department an expensive color printer, one printer can be placed on the network for everyone to share. Same way a hard high capacity disk can be shared and shared data be kept therein.
o    Internet Access: The Internet is itself an enormous network, so whenever you access the Internet, you are using a network. The significance of the Internet on modern society is known to all of us.
o    Internet Access Sharing: Small computer networks allow multiple users to share a single Internet connection. Special hardware devices allow the bandwidth of the connection to be easily allocated to various individuals as they need it, and permit an organization to purchase one high-speed connection instead of many slower ones.
o   Data Security and Management: In a business environment, a network allows the administrators to much better manage the company's critical data. Instead of having this data spread over dozens or even hundreds of small computers in a haphazard fashion as their users create it, data can be centralized on shared servers. This makes it easy for everyone to find the data, makes it possible for the administrators to ensure that the data is regularly backed up, and also allows for the implementation of security measures to control who can read or change various pieces of critical information.
o     Performance Enhancement and Balancing: Under some circumstances, a network can be used to enhance the overall performance of some applications by distributing the computation tasks to various computers on the network.

o     Entertainment: Networks facilitate many types of games and entertainment. The Internet itself offers many sources of entertainment, of course. In addition, many multi-player games exist that operate over a local area network. Many home networks are set up for this reason, and gaming across wide area networks (including the Internet) has also become quite popular. 

Tuesday, 11 June 2013

Keyboard Shortcuts in Excel 2010



minus1. Navigate Inside Worksheets
Arrow Keys
Move one cell up, down, left, or right in a worksheet.
Page Down/Page Up
Move one screen down / one screen up in a worksheet.
Alt+Page Down/Alt+Page Up
Move one screen to the right / to the left in a worksheet.
Tab/Shift+Tab
Move one cell to the right / to the left in a worksheet.
Ctrl+Arrow Keys
Move to the edge of next data region (cells that contains data)
Home
Move to the beginning of a row in a worksheet.
Ctrl+Home
Move to the beginning of a worksheet.
Ctrl+End
Move to the last cell with content on a worksheet.
Ctrl+f
Display the Find and Replace dialog box (with Find selected).
Ctrl+h
Display the Find and Replace dialog box (with Replace selected).
Shift+F4
Repeat last find.
Ctrl+g (or f5)
Display the 'Go To' dialog box.
Ctrl+Arrow Left/Ctrl+Arrow Right
Inside a cell: Move one word to the left / to the right.
Home/End
Inside a cell: Move to the beginning / to the end of a cell entry.
Alt+Arrow Down
Display the AutoComplete list e.g. in cell with dropdowns or autofilter.
End
Turn 'End' mode on. In End mode, press arrow keys to move to the next nonblank cell in the same column or row as the active cell. From here use arrow keys to move by blocks of data, home to move to last cell, or enter to move to the last cell to the right.
minus2. Work with Data Selections

minusSelect Cells
Shift+Space
Select the entire row.
Ctrl+Space
Select the entire column.
Ctrl+Shift+* (asterisk)
Select the current region around the active cell.
Ctrl+a (or ctrl+Shift+spacebar)
Select the entire worksheet or the data-containing area. Pressing ctrl+a a second time then selects entire worksheet.
Ctrl+Shift+Page Up
Select the current and previous sheet in a workbook.
Ctrl+Shift+o
Select all cells with comments.
Shift+Arrow Keys
Extend the selection by one cell.
Ctrl+Shift+Arrow Key
Extend the selection to the last cell with content in row or column.
Shift+Page Down/Shift+Page Up
Extend the selection down one screen /up one screen.
Shift+Home
Extend the selection to the beginning of the row.
Ctrl+Shift+Home
Extend the selection to the beginning of the worksheet.
Ctrl+Shift+End
Extend the selection to the last used cell on the worksheet (lower-right corner).

minusManage Active Selections
F8
Turn on extension of selection with arrow keys without having to keep pressing shift.
Shift+F8
Add another (adjacent or non-adjacent) range of cells to the selection. Usearrow keys and shift+arrow keys to add to selection.
Shift+Backspace
Select only the active cell when multiple cells are selected.
Ctrl+Backspace
Show active cell within selection.
Ctrl+. (period)
Move clockwise to the next corner of the selection.
Enter/Shift+Enter
Move active cell down / up in a selection.
Tab/Shift+Tab
Move active cell right / left in a selection.
Ctrl+Alt+Arrow Right/Ctrl+Alt+Arrow Left
Move to the right / to the left between non-adjacent selections (with multiple ranges selected).
Esc
Cancel Selection.

minusSelect inside cells
Shift+Arrow Left/Shift+Arrow Right
Select or unselect one character to the left / to the right.
Ctrl+Shift+Arrow Left/Ctrl+Shift+Arrow Right
Select or unselect one word to the left / to the right.
Shift+Home/Shift+End
Select from the insertion point to the beginning / to the end of the cell.
minus3. Insert and Edit Data

minusUndo / Redo Shortcuts
Ctrl+z
Undo last action (multiple levels).
Ctrl+y
Redo last action (multiple levels).

minusWork with Clipboard
Ctrl+c
Copy contents of selected cells.
Ctrl+x
Cut contents of selected cells.
Ctrl+v
Paste content from clipboard into selected cell.
Ctrl+Alt+v
If data exists in clipboard: Display the Paste Special dialog box.
Ctrl+Shift+[+]
If data exists in clipboard: Display the Insert dialog box to insert blank cells.

minusEdit Inside Cells
F2
Edit the active cell with cursor at end of the line.
Alt+Enter
Start a new line in the same cell.
Enter
Complete a cell entry and move down in the selection. With multiple cells selected: fill cell range with current cell.
Shift+Enter
Complete a cell entry and move up in the selection.
Tab/Shift+Tab
Complete a cell entry and move to the right / to the left in the selection.
Esc
Cancel a cell entry.
Backspace
Delete the character to the left of the insertion point, or delete the selection.
Delete
Delete the character to the right of the insertion point, or delete the selection.
Ctrl+Delete
Delete text to the end of the line.
Ctrl+; (semicolon)
Insert current date.
Ctrl+Shift+: (colon)
Insert current time.

minusEdit Active or Selected Cells
Ctrl+d
Fill complete cell down (Copy above cell).
Ctrl+r
Fill complete cell to the right (Copy cell from the left).
Ctrl+"
Fill cell values down and edit (Copy above cell values).
Ctrl+' (apostrophe)
Fill cell formulas down and edit (Copy above cell formulas).
Ctrl+l
Insert a table (display Create Table dialog box).
Ctrl+-
Delete Cell/Row/Column Menu
Ctrl+- with row / column selected
Delete row / delete column.
Ctrl+Shift++
Insert Cell/Row/Column Menu
Ctrl+Shift++ with row / column selected
Insert row/ insert column.
Shift+F2
Insert / Edit a cell comment.
Shift+f10, then m
Delete comment.
Alt+F1
Create and insert chart with data in current range as embedded Chart Object.
F11
Create and insert chart with data in current range in a separate Chart sheet.
Ctrl+k
Insert a hyperlink.
enter (in a cell with a hyperlink)
Activate a hyperlink.

minusHide and Show Elements
Ctrl+9
Hide the selected rows.
Ctrl+Shift+9
Unhide any hidden rows within the selection.
Ctrl+0 (zero)
Hide the selected columns.
Ctrl+Shift+0 (zero)
Unhide any hidden columns within the selection*.
Ctrl+` (grave accent)
Alternate between displaying cell values and displaying cell formulas. Accent grave /not a quotation mark.
Alt+Shift+Arrow Right
Group rows or columns.
Alt+Shift+Arrow Left
Ungroup rows or columns.
Ctrl+6
Alternate between hiding and displaying objects.
Ctrl+8
Display or hides the outline symbols.
Ctrl+6
Alternate between hiding objects, displaying objects, and displaying placeholders for objects.
*Does not seem to work anymore in Excel 2010. Detailed explanation here: http://superuser.com/questions/183197/whats-the-keyboard-shortcut-to-unhide-a-column-in-excel-2010 why.

minusAdjust Column Width and Row Height
Note: there are no default shortcuts for this, but workaround through access keys from previous versions
Alt+o, ca
Adjust Column width to fit content. Select complete column with Ctrl+Space first, otherwise column adjusts to content of current cell). Remember Format, ColumnAdjust.
Alt+o, cw
Adjust Columns width to specific value: Option, Cow, width
Alt+o, ra
Adjust Row height to fit content: Option, Row, Adjust
Alt+o, re
Adjust Row height to specific value: Option, Row, Height

minus4. Format Data

minusFormat Cells
Ctrl+1
Format cells dialog.
Ctrl+b (or ctrl+2)
Apply or remove bold formatting.
Ctrl+i (or ctrl+3)
Apply or remove italic formatting.
Ctrl+u (or ctrl+4)
Apply or remove an underline.
Ctrl+5
Apply or remove strikethrough formatting.
Ctrl+Shift+f
Display the Format Cells with Fonts Tab active. Press tab 3x to get to font-size. Used to be ctrl+shift+p, but that seems just get to the Font Tab in 2010.
Alt+' (apostrophe / single quote)
Display the Style dialog box.

minusNumber Formats
Ctrl+Shift+$
Apply the Currency format with two decimal places.
Ctrl+Shift+~
Apply the General number format.
Ctrl+Shift+%
Apply the Percentage format with no decimal places.
Ctrl+Shift+#
Apply the Date format with the day, month, and year.
Ctrl+Shift+@
Apply the Time format with the hour and minute, and indicate A.M. or P.M.
Ctrl+Shift+!
Apply the Number format with two decimal places, thousands separator, and minus sign (-) for negative values.
Ctrl+Shift+^
Apply the Scientific number format with two decimal places.
F4
Repeat last formatting actions: Apply previously applied Cell Formatting to a different Cell

minusApply Borders to Cells
Ctrl+Shift+&
Apply outline border from cell or selection
Ctrl+Shift+_ (underscore)
Remove outline borders from cell or selection
Ctrl+1, then Ctrl+Arrow Right/Arrow Left
Access border menu in 'Format Cell' dialog. Once border was selected, it will show up directly on the next Ctrl+1
Alt+t*
Set top border
Alt+b*
Set bottom Border
Alt+l*
Set left Border
Alt+r*
Set right Border
Alt+d*
Set diagonal and down border
Alt+u*
Set diagonal and up border
*In Cell Format in 'Border' Dialog Window

minusAlign Cells
Alt+h, ar
Align Right
Alt+h, ac
Align Center
Alt+h, al
Align Left
minus5. Formulas and Names

minusFormulas
=
Start a formula.
Alt+=
Insert the AutoSum formula.
Shift+F3
Display the Insert Function dialog box.
Ctrl+a
Display Formula Window after typing formula name.
Ctrl+Shift+a
Insert Arguments in formula after typing formula name. .
Shift+F3
Insert a function into a formula .
Ctrl+Shift+Enter
Enter a formula as an array formula.
F4
After typing cell reference (e.g. =E3) makes reference absolute (=$E$4)
F9
Calculate all worksheets in all open workbooks.
Shift+F9
Calculate the active worksheet.
Ctrl+Alt+F9
Calculate all worksheets in all open workbooks, regardless of whether they have changed since the last calculation.
Ctrl+Alt+Shift+F9
Recheck dependent formulas, and then calculates all cells in all open workbooks, including cells not marked as needing to be calculated.
Ctrl+Shift+u
Toggle expand or collapse formula bar.


minusNames

Ctrl+F3
Define a name or dialog.

Ctrl+Shift+F3
Create names from row and column labels.

F3
Paste a defined name into a formula.
minus6. Manage Multipe Worksheets
Shortcuts to delete, rename, or move worksheets are based on the old Excel 2003 menus which still work in Excel 2010.
Shift+F11/Alt+Shift+F1
Insert a new worksheet in current workbook.
Ctrl+Page Down/Ctrl+Page Up
Move to the next / previous worksheet in current workbook.
Shift+Ctrl+Page Down/Shift+Ctrl+Page Up
Select the current and next sheet(s) / select and previous sheet(s).
Alt+o then h r
Rename current worksheet (format, sheet, rename)
Alt+e then l
Delete current worksheet (Edit, delete)
Alt+e then m
Move current worksheet (Edit, move)
minus7. Manage Multiple Workbooks
F6/Shift+F6
Move to the next pane / previous pane in a workbook that has been split.
Ctrl+F4
Close the selected workbook window.
Ctrl+n
Create a new blank workbook (Excel File)
Ctrl+Tab/Ctrl+Shift+Tab
Move to next / previous workbook window.
Alt+Space
Display the Control menu for Main Excel window.
Ctrl+F9
Minimize current workbook window to an icon. Also restores ('un-maximizes') all workbook windows.
Ctrl+F10
Maximize or restores the selected workbook window.
Ctrl+F7
Move Workbook Windows which are not maximized.
Ctrl+F8
Perform size command for workbook windows which are not maximzed.
Alt+F4
Close Excel.
minus8. Various Excel Features
Ctrl+o
Open File.
Ctrl+s
Save the active file with its current file name, location, and file format.
F12
Display the Save As dialog box.
f10 (or alt)
Turn key tips on or off.
Ctrl+p
Print File (Opens print menu).
F1
Display the Excel Help task pane.
F7
Display the Spelling dialog box.
Shift+F7
Display the Thesaurus dialog box.
Alt+F8
Display the Macro dialog box.
Alt+F11
Open the Visual Basic Editor to create Macros.
minus9. Work with the Excel Ribbon
Ctrl+F1
Minimize or restore the Ribbon.s
Alt/F10
Select the active tab of the Ribbon and activate the access keys. Press either of these keys again to move back to the document and cancel the access keys. and thenarrow left or arrow right
Shift+F10
Display the shortcut menu for the selected command.
Space/Enter
Activate the selected command or control in the Ribbon, Open the selected menu or gallery in the Ribbon..
Enter
Finish modifying a value in a control in the Ribbon, and move focus back to the document.
F1
Get help on the selected command or control in the Ribbon. (If no Help topic is associated with the selected command, the Help table of contents for that program is shown instead.)
minus10. Data Forms
Tab/Shift+Tab
Move to the next / previous field which can be edited.
Enter/Shift+Enter
Move to the first field in the next / previous record.
Page Down/Page Up
Move to the same field 10 records forward / back.
Ctrl+Page Down
Move to a new record.
Ctrl+Page Up
Move to the first record.
Home/End
Move to the beginning / end of a field.
minus11. Pivot Tables
Arrow Keys
Navigate inside Pivot tables.
Home/End
Select the first / last visible item in the list.
Alt+c
Move the selected field into the Column area.
Alt+d
Move the selected field into the Data area.
Alt+l
Display the PivotTable Field dialog box.
Alt+p
Move the selected field into the Page area.
Alt+r
Move the selected field into the Row area.
Ctrl+Shift+* (asterisk)
Select the entire PivotTable report.
arrow keys to select the cell that contains the field, and then alt+Arrow Down
Display the list for the current field in a PivotTable report.
arrow keys to select the page field in a PivotChart report, and then alt+Arrow Down
Display the list for the current page field in a PivotChart report.
Enter
Display the selected item.
Space
Select or clear a check box in the list.
Ctrl+tab ctrl+Shift+Tab
select the PivotTable toolbar.
enter then arrow down /Arrow Up
On a field button: select the area you want to move the selected field to.
Alt+Shift+Arrow Right
Group selected PivotTable items.
Alt+Shift+Arrow Left
Ungroup selected PivotTable items.
minus12. The Rest

minusDialog Boxes
Arrow Keys
Move between options in the active drop-down list box or between some options in a group of options.
Ctrl+Tab/Ctrl+Shift+Tab
Switch to the next/ previous tab in dialog box.
Space
In a dialog box: perform the action for the selected button, or select/clear a check box.
Tab/Shift+Tab
Move to the next / previous option.
a ... z
Move to an option in a drop-down list box starting with the letter
Alt+a ... alt+z
Select an option, or select or clear a check box.
Alt+Arrow Down
Open the selected drop-down list box.
Enter
Perform the action assigned to the default command button in the dialog box.
Esc
Cancel the command and close the dialog box.

minusAuto Filter
Alt+Arrow Down
On the field with column head, display the AutoFilter list for the current column .
Arrow Down/Arrow Up
Select the next item / previous item in the AutoFilter list.
Alt+Arrow Up
Close the AutoFilter list for the current column.
Home/End
Select the first item / last item in the AutoFilter list.
Enter
Filter the list by using the selected item in the AutoFilter list.

minusWork with Smart Art Graphics
Arrow Keys
Select elements.
Esc
Remove Focus from Selection.
F2
Edit Selection Text in if possible (in formula bar).